Four-Year Study Period: 2001-2005
In January 2001, SAWIN registered to study at Norton University in the Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Foreign Languages in Majoring in English Communication. NU is one of the most first private leading higher educational institutes of the Kingdom of Cambodia of where was initiated and founded by Mr. Chan Sokhieng who ran the Banana Center and opened a first successful university in Phnom Penh. After Sawin successfully passed the Bacc II for two years, he set his higher education at NU in spending 4 years to complete the university conditions and make sure that his major has been set up with the qualified educations. He had to study for 4 years from Year I to Year 4.
In year I at the beginning of 2001, he studied five subjects: (1).Office Computer, (2).Core English, (3).Cultural Studies, (4).Literature and (5).Writing. He studied in the evening class while he was working in the full-time job to support his studies and skills. There were 2 Semesters in year I with each semester hours and score achievements with 5 subjects. In the Semester I (Computer = 48 hours & achieved 84 scores; Core English = 96 hours & achieved 86 scores; Cultural Studies = 72 hours & achieved 85.50 scores; Literature = 72 hours & achieved 80 scores; Writing = 48 hours & achieved 86 scores). In the Semester II (Computer = 48 hours & achieved 71.50 scores; Core English = 96 hours & achieved 76 scores; Cultural Studies = 72 hours & achieved 73.50 scores; Literature = 72 hours & achieved 87.50 scores; Writing = 48 hours & achieved 89 scores). In the late 2001, he got more works to do that could let him have short time to do more research for his first year studies; nevertheless, he successfully passed the final exam in year I.
In the 2nd year of the beginning 2002, he started his class of year II with 2 Semesters and 5 subjects such as In the Semester I (Core English = 96 hours & achieved 67 scores; Cultural Studies = 72 hours & achieved 66 scores; Literature = 72 hours & achieved 52 scores; Moral Values = 48 hours & achieved 81 sores; Writing = 48 hours & achieved 62 scores). In the Semester II (Core English = 96 hours & achieved 66.50 scores; Cultural Studies = 72 hours & achieved 75 scores; Literature = 72 hours & achieved 58 scores; Moral Values = 48 hours & achieved 76 sores; Writing = 48 hours & achieved 73.50 scores). He satisfied what he achieved because all of the score results were extremely from the actual quality and fairly marks. He never demanded for higher scores as the others of his class did. He accepted those personal performances.
In the 3rd year of the beginning 2003, he started his class of year III with 2 Semesters and 4 subjects such as In the Semester I (Core English = 96 hours & achieved 81 scores; Cultural Studies = 72 hours & achieved 53 scores; Literature = 72 hours & achieved 80 scores; Writing = 48 hours & achieved 61 scores). He was advised to be voted to be a class monitor in the second year to record daily students' attendances. In the Semester II (Core English = 96 hours & achieved 72.90 scores; Cultural Studies = 72 hours & achieved 92 scores; Literature = 72 hours & achieved 67 scores; Writing = 48 hours & achieved 63 scores). This was the difficult period of his 3rd year study while he was too busy in his work as well but he separated clearly his working and study hours. That was why he successfully passed the final exam in the late 2003 reaching to choose any specific majors in the following year. It was a break time after cultural studies session, Sawin with his friends came together to take a romantic picture with the lecturer of Cultural Studies in year III, who was American from the United States. His classmates were Mr. Kovidh, Staby, Suon Serey, Miss Tep Sophea, Miss Daneth, Miss Sethy Sak, Miss Long Sophy, Piseth, Ravy, Samphois, Ratana, Vath, Sopheak, Santhou and Kanha but now gone to USA.
In the 4rd year of the beginning 2004 which was the last year of Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Foreign Languages, he started his class of year IV with 2 Semesters and 4 subjects such as In the Semester I (Business Communication = 48 hours & achieved 52.50 scores; Listening = 72 hours & achieved 72.50 scores; Public Speaking = 72 hours & achieved 62 scores; Term Paper Writing = 96 hours & achieved 55 scores).
By that time, NU happened a Major of Translation/Interpretation for the Fourth Year of where the foreign language students could choose one of those for their own majors but this major not prepared accountable lecturers to lecture yet. It was a very newly young major. In the present time, this Major is already opened with qualified lecturers to teach. 
During his university period from the first to the third year, he worked for NU as the executive clerk in full-time. He studied in the evening classes. But in year 4, he worked for a private translation/interpretation agency called "Christina's Language Workshop (CLW) founded by a business woman from China. It was not so easy for him to endeavor with both accountabilities in his job and university education. With his friends from year 1 to year 3, he took his free times to do more things such as reading books at library, surfing Internet for extra academic documentation research purposes. He was going out for a walk once he got stressed or bored feeling in his studies. He was very friendly and welcomed to all his classmates. Most of his friends are public and private officers such as Prom Sovannara (NGO Relief & Radio Broadcast Manager), Hul Kunvuth (RGC Ranking Officer), You Heng (Public Taxation Officer), Samphas (CTN Reporter), Nov Vath (Public Teacher), Piseth (Auditor for National Auditing Institute), Chanda (Public Administration & Logistics Officer, PPM), Kovidh (RGV Ranking Officer & Doctor), Rithysak (Banking Officer), Ravy (NGO Officer), Sorn Serey (Deputy Director of Metrological Ministry Department) & Law English Lecturer), Vath Chhay (NU English Lecturer), Noeun (NGO Officer & English Lecturer), So Soudaneth (Personal IT Shop Manager), Long Sophy (BK Logistics), Nouv Chanrane (Now in USA), Tep Sophea (Financial & Tourism Officer), Laven (Officer), Puthy Virya (Relief officer), Chap Sothea (Christian Paster), Pich Sophen (Planning & Logistics Officer), Sok Vaty (Officer), Khorn Dane (ACLEDA Marketing Manager), Seng Santhou (Tourism Guide, SR), Sopheak (Austral), Mrs Rathan (USA), Dina, Vibol (NGO), Kheng Darith (France), Darith (Doctor), Eang Serey Vong (H.E. & PM assistant), Mrs San Kuntheavy (Civil Air Force Officer), Srun (Foreign Ministry Officer), Seng Ousphea (Hotel Expert in SR), Satyarath (Urban & Planning Ministry Officer) and others.
In year IV, Sawin and his classmates were randomly selected to combine into one group to conduct Full-Year Term Paper Writing Research. Suddenly, he was selected into a group named NON-VERBAL CUE. This group was starting to search documents related to reports and paraphrases writing with a Advisor named Dr. UBANAN (Pilipino). Dr. Ubanan led his group to conduct Term Paper Writing successfully. The 5 members in NON-VERBAL CUE group were OEUR SAWIN, NHEM RATH, PROM SOVANNARA, KHENG DARITH and NOUV CHANRANE). They cooperated with each other to set up the schedule to have discussions about the subject of NON-VERBAL CUE of what they had to know how to write and establish a formal book to be presenting after the State Exam at the end of year 2004. These five members were working so hard because they were also busy in their own jobs. After they submitted some drafts of Term Paper Writing to their advisor Dr. Ubanan, they took sometimes to hold a small dinner party in Preak Leap resort at the Koh Kong restaurant. By that time, there were participants as Oeur Sawin, Prom Sovannara, Nhém Ratha, Mr. Kheng Darith, Nouv Chanrane with her female cousin from Siem Reap, and Sovannara’s wife with his collegues as mentioned in the picture. They were having drinks and foods together when the weekend arrived. Attractively, Ratha and Sawin shared fried chicken together when the sky was getting darker and darker. All food was delicious making them to talk with each other very friendly and happily with some experiences rising. This was the time that his Group Members of Term Paper Writing had just finished some drafts for advisor to revise. It was so fresh air in the Koh Kong Restaurant. 
However, in the following weeks, this group were arranged to join in a small weekend party with other group members of his whole classmates such as Chhay Meng, San Kuntheavy, Chap Sothea, Eang Serey Vong, Samphas, Dean Sok Uttara..etc. but attended by their Advisor Dr. Ubanan, Mr. Rodrigo with wife as well. They were having some drinks and foods. Dr. Ubanan who was his group advisor was giving good tactics in doing the work and sharing other methods for his group. This was a last important activity of presentation to accomplish English Memorandum in 4-year program in Majoring in English Communication. Sawin presented on the topic: "Nonverbal Cues" which consisted of six most important aspects which were detailed in a clarification. Dean Sok Uttara, Mr. Rodrigo (from Philippines) and Mr. Alan Wood (from England) observed, scored and supervised his memorandum presentation from the beginning to the end. Actually, he successfully responded all the questions raised by the Panels in his topic during the presentation stage. After passing the State Exam and Memorandum Presentation, Sawin had to wait for obtaining his degree for one year later.
On November 30, 2006, he was informed to receive his Bachelor Degree from High Excellency PITH CHAMNAN, the State Secretariat of Education, Youth and Sport, in charging of evaluation of universities in Cambodia at Norton University Campus. There were more than 800 graduated students attending in BA Ceremony at direct location with fresh feelings and warmly greeted to each other. Sawin graduated from NU obtaining a Bachelor Degree of Arts in English Communication. He qualified in his major and whenever it has been for him, he has planned to continue his Post Graduate School, Master Field. His major in English is so much available for him to communicate, teach, translate and interpret in all types of fields as required. This major has made him a great potentiality to use and improve computer skills fast in graphic designs, office and admin documents. Moreover, he could use this major in Public Communications Affairs nationally and internationally, in Training Courses, Supervising, Monitoring, Observing, Managing, Creating and Auditing various projects. He graduated from NU with one of the qualified majors while others have been so challenging in the recent employments.
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SEREY MONGKOUL HIGH SCHOOL (SMKHS)
General Education (Bacc II)
(First Batched Students of SMKHS)
Third Study Period: 1997-1998
Third Study Period: 1997-1998
In the 1996, SMKHS was officially upgraded to be a high school for the first generation where there was rarely this grade in the local area. In 1997, Sawin changed his grade 11 to study at SMKHS located in Prey Chhrov village near Damrei Sar Pagoda (White Elephant Pagoda), Rokakong II Commune, Moukampoul district, Kandal province until he successfully passed the General Education (Bacc II) in 1998. 
Sawin had to complete the high school conditions and followed his goals. He got early mornings to prepare something before he went to school. Due to his home was so far from his SMKHS he was advised to stay at his uncle Ouch Sam Ol’s house in Prey Chhrov village. He took his times out of Public School schedule with his friends to study Mathematics, Physics, Biography and Chemistry with Teacher Long, Bak, Biology Teacher from Preak Onh Chanh, Teacher Sary and English with Teacher Hong. His classmates were so competitive to do the exercises. The outstanding friends were Hory, Monarith, Keo Sothun, Thong, Vicheka, Sophan and others in order to compare which one was smart to solve the queries in the related subjects. In the public class, they took challenging talks in responding the teachers’ questions and homework. Most of them rode bicycles and some drove motorbikes to study. Sawin rode a bicycle. In the evening, he took sometimes with his friends at the Rokakong river bank with his friends to discuss some quizzes of what their teacher gave them to do at homes. 
In 1997 after leaving from Teacher Bak, Sawin went together with his friends to visit Wat Trey pagoda in the afternoon by bicycles. He visited a bid fish statue made of bricks by the Great Grand Father in the local village. This fish statue looked very gold and has been constructed since 1997. So many different people came from various areas especially Phnom Penh to visit Trei pagoda during a Khmer traditional ceremony. Normally, Cambodians called “Bun Banh Chos Sei Ma”.
However, In April 1998, there was a party during his high school vacation for 2 months. Sawin was having some drinks with a great smile under the Chasya trees in front of his class. He was attending in the party with his classmates who made solidarity to take place this party. They were talking with each other and raising some quizzes for whom could solve and would get a gift. The food and drinks were prepared in the mixed while other classes were doing as well. Sawin competitively studied with his friends to graduate Grade in 1998. The General Examination day was immediately reached on 17th August 1998. His name was posted at the Chea Preak Onh Chanh High School General Exam Center. His Exam Room Number was 17, Seat No. 412. He got his average score after the exam. His Bacc II degree was signed by H.E. Tol Loh, the Minister of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport on 19th March 1999 and registered No. 81.993 at the National Education Department signed by Leang Nguon Ly, the Direct of General Education Department. He hoped to use potentiality of his best to pass the exam.
In the two following weeks, Sawin was informed that he successfully passed the Bacc II which was posted at Chea Sim Preak Onh Chanh High School. This event made his parents and brothers happy and rushed to consider for university examination including employment. His qualification from the General High School was the source for him to apply for all types of universities and certified that he has already had his General Education Degree. Sawin was advised by his parents and family members to do more studies. Most of his classmates passed the exam with 97% for the first generation from SMKHS 1998. It also made a great proud for the high school principle and teachers to feel so happy and record this historical event for the following generations because this generation was very competitive period of study and brought SMKHS more well-known image.
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SKUN HIGH SCHOOL (SHS)
General Education (Bacc II)
Third Study Period: 1996-1997
Sawin went to continue his general education (Bacc II) at Skun High School just for one year after he successfully passed the General Educational Exam (Bacc I) in 1995. He left his home to stay and study at Skun High School with his friends such as Sopheap, Sokna, Hom Sony and Saveth in a small old house in the cashew tree field near the high school.
By that time, he was not so easy in his study because he lived far from his parents and needed food assistance and study material supports. He took his part time class to study more English and French for foreign language improvements and also a way to start personal qualifications to teach for extra income to support his study. His parents are farmers did not have much money for his study.
He got up early mornings to go to school coming back at 11.00am to cook and going back school at 12.30pm. He rushed to buy fish and some vegetables for cooking. Alternatively, he arranged shifts with Sony and Sopheap to cook. At the end of weekends, Sawin with his friends went to visit the local villagers and find out cassavas roots, palm fruits and fish for food. At school, he took sometimes to play footballs and talk with his friends about something related to their studies and future plans after high school. He immediately moved his grade to continue at Serey Mongkol High School in Rokakong commune at the end of the year 1997.
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CHHOEUNG CHHNOUK SECONDARY SCHOOL (CCSS)
General Education (Bacc I)
Second Study Period: 1993-1995
This was the second period of time in Sawin’s General Education generation after the Primary School as the Civil War still remained. CCSS is the high school where he spent 3 years from 1993 to 1995 with some difficulties. CCSS is located in the Southeast of Chhoeung Chhoeung Chhnouk Pagoda campus in the Chhoeung Chhnouk village connecting to the National Road No 6A. It was not so easy for him to study here because he had to take two shifts for his weekly classes.
In the morning four subjects and four subjects in the afternoon. The subjects were Social Morality, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Histology, Geography, Biology, Sports and Geometry. He did the exercises in sports such as Length Running, Height Jumping, Height Rope Climbing and Basketballs. He went to school at 6.00am in the mornings and came back home at 11.00pm for lunch at late noon’s. In the afternoon at 12.30pm, he went to school until 5.00pm because there were various subjects with different teachers. In his public curriculum, he studied French with Teacher Dim who lived in Phnom Del village. He was a friendly and mean French teacher because he always made his students feel surprised and enjoyable in his class activities.
He also took a part-time class of French and English. He studied French during he was in Grade 6, 7, 8 and 9. After passing the exam in 1995, he went to study at Skun High School now called "Hun Sen Skun High School" in Prey Chhor district in Kampong Cham province. He spent his time there for one year and then removed to study at Sereymongkol high school in Kandal province.
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TAING KORK PRIMARY SCHOOL (TKPS)
General Education (Elementary Level)
First Study Period: 1987-1993
Taing Kork is the hometown village where Sawin was born, consisting of a Primary School named Taing Kork primary school. This TKPS share the Preliminary General Education to the three villages such as Taing Kork, Ork Tieng and Por Peth. Mr. Ngeun Mao was the TKPS principle. He who has managed TKPS since that time lives in Taingk Kork. By that time, the students of this school were taught by Teachers Khay, Kha, Rath, Chanrouen, Chhoeun, Kran and others. TKPS is located in Taing Kor village in Taing Kraing commune, Batheay district, Kampong Cham province. Sawin began the kindergarten Grade in early 1987 during the Civil War was still going on in the west of his village. He was so young to see and hear the grenade explosions that always happened when the government soldiers met with the Khmer Rough soldiers. They suddenly started fighting each other making the villagers quickly found the secured holes and ponds to escape from the bullets and grenades exploding. Sawin joined with his parents and brothers to hide themselves in the secured holes under the ground near the house. By that time, many of his generation friends and he immediately went off their primary school to get homes while the Government and Khmer Rough soldiers were about to happen fighting again.
While Sawin was studying peacefully hard with his friends at TKPS, suddenly the Civil War happened with non-stops with three hours. All the teachers let all the students go back homes for the secured lives. He heard the sounds of the bullets flying over his village a lot. Most of the villagers prayed and chanting Buddhist words to spread the peace and calm down the fights. Fortunately, no one was dead. There were curriculums for the primary level such as Mathematics, Geography, Biography, Social Morality, History and other subjects.
In addition, when he had free times out of his primary school study he helped his parents to do the work at the rice fields and housework. He got up early morning to clean house, arrange animals like cows, chickens, pigs and some ducks on the purpose of giving them the foods and letting them stay out of the house to make fresh air under the house. He got his books to read at the rice fields after he finished work. In 1993, he studied in Grade 5 (now Grade 6) with his challenging friends from three villages of those were Sna, Ngen Savoeun, Hom Leap, Hom Sony, Veoun, Phan Nha and others. He studied and discussed in groups when he were at school with his friends. Sawin successfully passed the Primary Education Examination at the end of the 2003.
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SKILLS & PROFESSIONALS
The mentioned details below are abilities that Oeur Sawin can do based on his accountability:
Office affairs/Administration (OA/AD): These are complicated to mix works in offices to manage materials, daily punctuality of all staffs, plan to decorate rooms for staff work, arrange documents in correct categories in easy ways to find in the emergent cases, create chronological filing folders, separate them in parts, decor out & in trays, furniture displays. Sawin works closely with the financial officers and managers in planning all works for the whole institute, to arrange meetings and taking notes in minutes, make reports, writing speeches for presentations, slideshow designs, prepare drinks and extra-documents for meetings or conferences, contact the local authorities for cooperation, arrange appointments for directors, control the general office situation, sanitations, supplies, staff appearances and security. In OA/AD, he submits (weekly, daily or monthly) reports and recommend to directors. In OA/AD, he issues invitations, memos, meeting agendas, management structure charts, activity photos, job announcements, human resource development training schedules and other notices to inform staff and transferring formal letters to any involved departments. In OA/AD, he contacts all staffs to find out feedback and their rooted problems for developing and making some changes, to supervise, monitor, evaluate, interview and train staffs. To succeed works in OA/AD, he plans ahead what to use, expend, require to additionally buy by letting the sellers quotes, whom and where to contact for the involved works. Moreover, he recommends staffs to take care of saving money like turning off the lights, check WC and other equipment in the office to make sure that all of them already safe after office hours. In OA/AD, it is totally serving the institutes in governing and leading successfully and making sure both staff (employees) and institutes (employers) must smoothly go forward together to run their missions and visions. More responsibilities and works can be added as the exact OA/AD works required responding.
Office Computer Programs (OCP): Most of the office works used computer to alleviate all kinds of works. Instead of OA/AD, Sawin specializes to use programs of Microsoft Office such as Ms Word & Excel for typing documents, making lists and questionnaires, calculating, data entries, Publisher for designing some quick invitations, letters, envelopes and calendars, FrontPage for some html purposes, PowerPoint for Slideshows in Project or any required Presentations, Outlook-Express for receiving and sending Emails directly based on PC, Internet Application for emailing to communicate with involved people and surfing news, websites, maps, ads and others more. Sawin uses programs of Adobe Photoshop to crop, cut or develop photos, CorelDraw to make some posters, plates, stamps, logos, regulation titles or phrases and easily publish ads, Ms Access to input and manage data. It is more convenient to use Program C++ to make networking security management in the institutes. Additionally in OCP, Sawin can type Khmer and English fast with any of the above mentioned programs. He could remove and set up windows and programs for OCP. We could use more programs than the above mentioned to help the OA/AD so much easier as the real works of OCP required responding.
Graphic Designs (GD): To succeed works in GD, we must understand the deeply meaningful concepts of attracting and persuade people to see, look and learn from what we design. In GD, there are required to use many programs to combine into one to create layouts. Sawin focuses on designing concepts to respond work assigned him to do. He has to create many different ideas, styles, forms, sizes, layouts and daily update thoughts in improving designing affairs. He uses various programs CorelDraw for graphic works in plain texts, CorelDraw PhotoPaint for some photo or layouts quality changes, CorelDraw Illustrator for decorative frames, picture clips, producing books, newsletters and decorations, Adobe Photoshop for changing photo status or any cutting photos easy to emboss and others required, Adobe Illustrator for attractive decorations to be published books, magazines, newspaper, newsletters and more, Adobe InDesign to make magazines, various graphic layouts and more, Adobe PhotoPaint similar to CorelDraw PhotoPaint, Xara Extreme for graphic draws, QuarkExpress for producing newspaper, tabloids, newsletters or bulletins and more. Sawin designs leaflets, brochures, books, posters, vouchers, maps, stamps, banners, tabloids, newsletters or bulletins, papers, receipts, letterheads, invitations, management structure chart, decorative titles, CD covers, books, cover-pages, lucky-draws, identity cards/badges, business cards, logos, flyers, telephone-notebooks, certificate frames, decorative photos, cropping photos, transparent duplicated pictures, ads-billboards, envelopes, boxes, room color decors and others more. After finishing work, Sawin creates more layouts ahead, must search more programs, well-known layout styles and think fast and accurately what the institutes’ missions and visions going on. We have to be aware of the GD that it is not just for ads but the most important things are what the audiences could feel interested, excited, enjoyable, eager to look and learn from the communication signs displaying of those achievements. We design to make our audiences feel doubted to need thinking about these design achievements. Hard work but actively creative ideas requiring many ideas from different people. For more useful programs could be met and added as the GD required responding the exact works.
Video Making & Spot Designs (VM&SD): These are hard works under pressures and reflections. VM&SD are also required more programs to mix together become one video file. We have deeply creative concepts to make our audiences feel interested in and learn something from the videos of what we produce. He successfully completed on Karaoke & Spot Designs to use in video filing jobs. From this course, he skills in preparing camcorders and cameras to record activity photos with standards. He stylizes in recording and capturing photos due to three direction standards if we arrange for Karaoke or Video stories we have to do in three stages. The first stage is to put camcorder on the left side in front of the performers, the second is to put camcorder in the middle direction in front of the performers and the last stage is to put camcorder on the right side in front of the performers. When we make one video file, we copy files from these camcorders to combine one file for cutting video activities, mixing them together of which one is transparent, which are hidden voices or video pictures but they are required some programs to use for making video files in CDs with sound effects. We use the following programs such as Sony Vega, Ulead Studio Video, Photoshop, Illustrator, Particles Illusion, Adobe Premier Pro, After Effect, 3D Album, 3D Max Studio, Cool 3D Video Studio, Sketch Up, Carrara Pro, Autodesk Maya, Sound Forge Pro, Soundbooth and Canopus Edius plus video converter programs. The computer sets for designing video files must have higher speed of CPU, RAMS (>8GB), high VGA separated from Boards, larger LCD (>20”) easy to review pictures especially be a must of Matrok cards much easy to remove video picture backgrounds. Camcorders and cameras must be required higher pixels for best quality pictures. The video pictures could be reduced resolutions as cutting and developing files. Sawin uses programs above to produce videos in ads spot, wedding, workshop, short video clips and other animation files mixed with the beautiful accent narrations and sound effects. To make more interesting productions, Sawin uses different sound effects mixing narrating with music. Working in VM&SD is to require more reflexive to research other new ads publications daily. Sawin takes outbound layouts to update it into Khmer International styles and puts more attractive preparations to cut video files into small pieces. For more useful programs and creative performances could be met and added as the VM&SD required responding the exact works.
Analysis & Marketing Research (A&MR): Before evaluating or analyzing something or someone it requires us to design questionnaires with verifications and prepare data collection methods at the first step, setting up samplings, deadlines and involved people to train. We recruit the field staffs with some pilot tests we train them to make sure that they clearly understand all points in questionnaires and ways to ask respondents before we let them start field works based on deadline and code of research policies. Once the Field Work starts, the second step is to control quality, check questionnaires and double-checks the information received from the fields at the directly targeted areas or double-check by calling to make sure the accurate data collections before we code them for entering data processing. The third step is to arrange codes and verify the information in the questionnaires using red color pens or any others that we want. There are used same codes in any categories of the answers which are the same meanings but just different phrases of expressions. For example, Sawin uses the clients’ English questionnaires to translate into Khmer with revising format in Ms Excel for the field staffs to conduct with the timeframes or deadlines. In the past, Sawin made questionnaire for RASP to conducts the Data Collections with his president Long Tha focusing on the children’s educations and students’ parents or governors basic needs. In A&MR, Sawin prepares and trains field staffs to conduct the data collections. During analyzing, it is required to use programs SSP, CPRO, Ms Access, Ms Word-Excel, PowerPoint to analyze with slideshow. All questionnaires must be accurate and believable agreed with code of the Quality standards of two types: Qualitative and Quantitative Research, must respond to project requirements. To analyze and evaluate people, Sawin has to make many more different questions to find out the real problems, observe, monitor and trace all types of situations and activities that those people have performed. Requiring believable evidences and finding out the rooted problems of the targeted involved persons before to make decisions at last to evaluate or analyze. For more useful methods in A&MR could be met and added as the A&MR required responding the exact works assigning.
Internet Application, E-mails and Websites (IA, E&W): This skill is a must that everyone has because it is the most common skill requiring all the employees and employers all over the world clearly understand and use them very effectively. Sawin successfully completed some courses in Internet Application, making websites and using emails. All the offices recently use Internet and Email popularly to contact each other in their own businesses, private and public works. Sawin could use these Internet, emails and free website designs to contact people in his job effectively. Using emails must be clearly understood how we can save and create folders for storing our recipients’ emails. Sawin created folders for storing his personal data, friends’ contact numbers and addresses. He makes short enough texts for sending to his recipients, just be short with full completed meanings and could let his recipients understand clearly what he wants them to respond his emails. Sawin makes reports and effectively sends to his directors. Moreover, he could record some special events, alert auto-responding emails for his recipients during his vacations, checking calendar, reply emails, compose and forward emails. Sawin uses Internet to create blogs for sharing news such as his recent website www.sawinn.blogspot.com to introduce his friends or inform any other special recipients in businesses and work. He uses Internet for searching international and national news, receiving intellectual hot issues, easy to monitor the different situations and fast communicate with people over the world, saving time and can make incomes saving. For more useful software could be met and added as the IA,E&W required responding to the exact works assigning.
Language and Degree Proficiency (LDP): To succeed in communication, LDP is the most important mechanism language as a long bridge in connection with people in different races, nationalities, religions and nations. Sawin graduated from NU in BA of Arts in majoring in English communication. It is one of his language skills that he obtained higher education from university. He can speak, write, read and listen to English well and fluently. His mother tongue is Cambodian (Khmer language). He speaks, listens to, writes and reads very well and fluently. He uses his English as his second foreign language to communicate with foreign and national people, teach students with all levels, training involved persons, translate documents of law, certificates, regulations and statutes and more, interpret English to Khmer and Khmer to English simultaneously in workshops, trainings, meetings, conferences and field work interview, write project proposals to raise funds and material supplies, write letters of invitations in wedding, grievances, parties and special events, write memos and memorandums, write plans, reports, speeches for presentations, writing blog texts and more required texts in English, write resumes/CV and other purposes. He uses English in work and businesses, public speaking, conferences, meetings, workshops, TOEFL exams, multi-clients, interpersonal and multi-communications. The third language is French that Sawin can read (good), speak (fair), write (fair), and listen to (fair) because most of the recently popular language is English. The fourth language is Thai that he studied at Chinese International School (BT). Sawin can write (fair), speak (fair), listen (fair) and read (fair). For more useful ways in English could be met and added as the LDP required responding to the exact works.
Leadership and Accountability (LA): LA is one of the most personal accountabilities that Sawin has to keep in touch for his whole life even if he works or does the businesses. LA is the model that Sawin could provide others with the experiencing trainings. Everyone has their own leadership and accountabilities but those are musts for them to use day-to-day. Here he responds to what he has already decided to do and what he will have planned and raised more improved. LA not only like a person manages or leads a group but he must know the ways to work for him/her, to work independently, under pressures and cooperatively with involved persons. As LA, Sawin experienced in training team work. He prepares methods for his members to solve problems, be confident, honest, integrity and flexible to give feedback. For LA, Sawin thinks neutrally to consider about problems, not being partisan, have ability to coordinate social, marketing and family affairs, follows what already agreed to do as the man of his words, be brave in all types of situations but must keep in touch in smiles, to have plans for sharing something good to others, be prepared before starting to do something. As LA, Sawin accepts to account the work results. For more useful solutions, methods and coordination could be met and added as the LA required responding the exact works assigning.
Communication Skill (CS): This skill is the most important major that Sawin have successfully granted the educations at university to specialize in effective multi-communications using English for Businesses and Works. In a real sense communication is not a new skill. It is not difficult but also not easy. In the business and work communication, written and oral, has its heritage. The oral communication was foremost.
Effective business communication is the lifeblood of every organization in its internal messages to and by employees as well as in its external contacts with customers, suppliers, and the public. The volume and cost of business communications are great; so are challenges and opportunities for those with the right attitudes and preparation. When you diligently apply the basics of effective business communications with common sense, you can continue to improve your communication ability.
We will involve thinking, analyzing, solving problems, gathering facts, planning, and organizing messages according to acceptable contemporary procedures for effective communication. Through experiences you should gain a better understanding of people, learn how to win favorable responses from them, and learn how to make friends for your company. The background provided should give you the confidence to tackle almost any task you might face when writing letters, memos, proposals, or reports and when communicating orally.
THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION AND MULTICOMMUNICATION: It is a complex process that involves sender-encoder, message, medium, receiver-decoder, and feedback. To be an effective communicator, realize that human beings mental filters and experiences differ. Each connects different attitudes, abilities, skills, and cultural customs to the words we use. To presume that our message will be always perfectly understood is unrealistic. Bypassing (assigning different meanings from the same symbols), denotations, connotations, euphemism all intrude on perfect message between senders and receivers.
Other hindrances to precise communication include the concepts of abstracting, of using tow-valued words and “allness” terms, of slanted statements, and of drawing incorrect conclusions or inferences.
Keep an open mind for getting as many accurate facts as possible about reality. Admit that there is more than can be said, and allow for the influences of attitudes, opinions, and emotions. Remember also the importance of nonverbal communication – by appearance, body language, silence, time, sounds. Above all, try to better understand the people with whom you communicate.
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES I: Effective written and oral business messages should be adapted to the purpose and receiver of each message. The complete message should contain all facts the reader or listener needs for the reaction you desire. You can make your messages complete by answering all questions asked, giving something extra when desirable, and checking for the five W’s and H (who, what, when, where, why, how) as well as any other essentials.
You can shorten or omit wordy expressions by using single-word substitutes, eliminating “which” and “that” clauses whenever possible, and avoiding overuse of “it is” (or “was”) and “there is” (or “are” or “were”) for sentence beginnings. Sentences should omit pompous words, irrelevant details, excessive adjectives, and statements the receiver already knows. You can avoid unnecessary repetition of long names by using pronouns, initials, or shorter names. The concise message helps emphasize important points and saves costly time for both sender and receiver.
Considerate means you are genuinely thoughtful of your message recipients and consider their probable reactions to your messages. You can indicate you attitude by focusing on “you,” the reader or listener; by showing benefit to or interest in receiver; by emphasizing positive pleasant facts; and by applying integrity and ethics—consistently fair treatment, honesty, and sincerity. Good concrete writing and speaking include specific facts and figures with examples. To help make messages vivid and specific you cause comparisons, figurative language, and concrete instead of abstract nouns, plus well-chosen adjectives and adverts.
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES II: So that your written and oral communications will be easily understood, friendly, and accurate, you should also apply the principles of clarity, courtesy, and correctness. Make your message clear by using words that are familiar to your receiver. Aim for unity, coherence, and emphasis in your sentences and paragraphs. The readability and listenablility level should be appropriate for your recipient’s general educational level. To make figures stand out clearly, you may find tabulating to be useful. Also, give your reader helpful examples with appropriate, easy-to-read headings or other visual aids whenever you need to explain complicated material.
The courteous communicator is sincerely tactful, thoughtful, and appreciative. In both written and oral messages courtesy requires omitting expressions that irritate, belittle, or have questionable humor. The courteous person also granges and apologizes good-naturedly and answers mail as promptly as possible.
Overall correctness in business communication requires correct language level and accurate facts, figures, word choices, grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Necessary also is nondiscrimination toward people because of their gender, race, ethnic origin, or physical characteristics. When you sign your name or initials to the business message, you assume responsibility for everything in it.
COMPLETENESS:
Answer all questions asked.
Give something extra, when desirable.
Check for the five W’s and any other essentials.
Consciences:
Shorten or omit wordy expression
Include only relevant statements.
Avoid unnecessary repetition.
Consideration:
Focus on “you” instead of “I” and “we.”
Show reader benefit or interest in reader.
Emphasize the positive, pleasant facts.
Apply integrity and ethics.
Concreteness:
Use specific facts and figures.
Put action in your verbs.
Choose vivid, image-building words.
Clarity:
Choose short, familiar, conversational words.
Construct effective sentences and paragraphs.
Achieve appropriate readability—and listenability.
Include examples, illustrations, and other visual aids when desirable.
Courtesy:
Be sincerely tactful, thoughtful, and appreciative.
Omit expressions that irritate, hurt, or belittle.
Grant and apologize good-naturedly.
Correctness:
Use the right level of language.
Check accuracy of figures, facts, and words.
Maintain acceptable writing mechanics.
Choose nondiscriminatory expressions.
Apply all other pertinent C qualities.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION: As you can quickly see, there are numerous communication traps into which you may fall. The court decisions are not consistent between states, no are the decisions awarded in cases taken to arbitration. Your task is to be cautious. Remember To:
Be honest and fair in all your business transactions and correspondence. Avoid any statements and acts that may be considered defamation, invasion of privacy, or fraud. When answering requests for recommendations of former employees, customers, or others, include relevant facts truthfully without mallei. As a seller or buyer of merchandise, be aware of federal and state laws regarding warranties; also be aware of how to help curb fraudulent schemes sent through the mail. Do not make assertions if you are not sure of their truth or accuracy.
Keep yourself well informed on legal responsibilities regarding employment, credit, collections, and other areas of concern—based on both federal laws and those in your sate. Recognize the importance of honest, prudent actions by yourself and your subordinates.
Consult an attorney when in doubt about the handling of any complicated situation that might involve legal risks. Each case must be analyzed individually.
THE PROCESS OF PREPARING EFFECTIVE BUSINESS MESSSAGES: Before composing any message, consider carefully the five planning steps regarding purpose, audience, ideas, facts, organization. They furnish the basis for an effective message.
Choose a direct or indirect organizational plan, depending on your readers (or listener’s) probable reaction to the message. Pay particular attention to the opening and closing paragraphs, because of their strategic importance. After preparing your message, edit it for content, organization, and style according to the various pertinent checklists (offered as suggestions, not rigid patterns) in this book. Wherever desirable, revise your drafts. Then see that the finished typewritten message is proofread and all errors are corrected before you sign it for mailing.
Another important matter is their appearances. Though typing each message is usually your secretary’s job, you assume responsibility for everything when you sign your name on the message. Its stationery, standard and optional parts, plus format and layout all contribute to favorable or unfavorable or unfavorable impressions.
MAJOR PLANS FOR LETTERS AND MEMOS: The eight capsule checklists above provide a quick summary of each type of direct request discussed in this chapter—inquiries; complaints; requests about routine business or public concerns; and invitations orders, and reservations that all require no persuasion. In direct-request messages, introduce your main idea at or near the beginning, include whatever details your reader needs and end courteously with easy and dated actin, if appropriate.
GOOD NEWS AND NEUTRAL MESSAGES: Whenever you answer a request favorably or announce news that will be pleasant or neutral to your reader, keep in mind the three-part organizational good-news plans. The nine capsule checklists on pages.... give you a brief summary review of the basic plan and various adaptations when you answer requests for information, adjustment, credit, order filling, and favors and when you announce of transmit something.
BAD NEWS MESSAGES: Whenever you write unfavorable news—whether you are replying to a request or initiating an unsolicited message—you are usually safe to follow the indirect, four-part bad-news plan. If you use the direct plan, be sure that the type of message, the situation, and the relationship between you and your reader warrant that approach.
PERSUASIVE REQUESTS: The persuasive-request plan has a four-part AID structure—consisting of attention, interest, desire and conviction, and action paragraphs. You can adapt this plan whenever you need to request favors that require the readers to donate time, knowledge, effort, cooperation, other intangibles, or money. You can also adapt this plan when you need to persuasively request an adjustment, cred, or changes in policy or performance.
SPECIAL LETTERS
SALES LETTERS: Sales letters may be solicited (invited) or unsolicited. When you answer inquiries that are related in some way to your sales—regarding prices, terms, discounts, deliveries, products, manufacturing, types of accounts available, and so on—you have opportunities to write solicited sales letters. Follow the good news plan if it is unfavorable.
Use the persuasive-request plan for unsolicited sales letters—those you initiate yourself to make direct sales, encourage future sales, or win back lost customers. Begin with an attention-getting, appropriate opening; arouse interest through physical description or reader benefits; crate desire and conviction by developing your central selling point and benefits, by offering proof, and by handling price in a positive way; then ask for action. If appropriate, offers special inducements so that the reader will act within a certain time.
THE WRITTEN JOB PRESENTATION: Before you write a resume and job application letter, make an inventory of your employment qualifications. Analyze what you have to offer an employer and consider the kind of work you prefer for a job or career. Then research to determine which jobs and employers requires what you can offer.
After you have evaluated your assets and noted requirements for desirable job opportunities, you are ready to prepare your written “sales promotions.” The main purpose is to get an interview. First prepare a resume that has all the qualities for a well-written presentation. Organize pertinent facts under appropriate headings, use action phrases, and emphasize your strong points honestly. Education, work experience, and achievements should preferably be stated in reverse chronological order—with the present or most recent first.
The application letter is your sales message that accompanies the resume. It tells the prospective employer why you feel you are qualified for a certain job or area. Using the AIDA plan, you interpret important points in the resume as they relate to the specific job requirements.
OTHER JOB APPLICATION MESSAGES: After you mailed your job application letter and resume, you and the employer will usually communicate in other messages—oral and written. The interview is your most important oral message for getting the desired job. Thoughtful preparation is essential. Analyze the company, the job requirements, and your qualifications. Also plan answers to various questions the interviewer may ask you, and consider questions you might ask the interviewer. Check meeting place, time, and other details.
How you handle the interviewers’ questions is important. Before the interview try to rehearse commonly asked questions in a mock interviewer. “Bridge” tactfully to your information on confrontational questions.
During the interview, your appearance, enthusiasm, sincerity, replies, and general conduct are important.
Your first written message after the interview is the thank-you letter, with perhaps some additional information and your feeding toward the company. In other follow-up employment messages you may need to request a time extension, ask that your name be kept on an active list, answer the employer’s questions about specific details, decline or accept an offer, and also resign your present job.
As a personnel manager or interviewer, your message to applicants will include invitations to interviews, comments afterwards, requests for further information, grants or refusals for time extensions, offers of jobs, and tactful rejections.
COLLECTON MESSAGES—WRITTEN AND ORRAL: When a customer’s account becomes past due, the creditor begins a collection series. Its goal is to collect the money and maintain p=goodwill. An effective collector must always treat the customer with consideration and courtesy. Though some customers do not always pay when they should, the collector should try in every way possible to help a defaulting customer arrange to pay an account. The creditor does not want to sue, because everyone but the collection agency or attorney loses.
The collection series is a preplanned but still flexible three-stage procedure—reminder, discussion, and urgency stages—to collect from the past-due customer. For the persuasive messages in the discussion and urgency stages, the collector may choose from five kinds of appeals. As the series progresses, each message places greater pressure on the customer to pay. The length of the series and insistence to pay depend on the credit record of the person.
Contacts with the customer can be by mail, telephone, wire, or personal visit. Written messages consist of statements, reminders, letters, Mailgrams, and wires. A collector who uses the telephone or makes a personal visit should plan carefully before each call and e tactfully persuasive during the call. In all collection procedures—both written and oral—creditors must be scrupulously careful that their practices are within both federal and state laws, and in keeping with company policies (if legal).
GOODWILL MESSAGES: Goodwill messages are ones that you don’t have to send and that don’t include a sales pitch or have strings attached. These messages congratulate, praise, thank, greet, sympathize, welcome, offer favors, or show special concern for the recipients—without including any obvious sales material. The message plan is direct—main idea, appropriate details, courteous close.
REPORTS
BUSINESS REPORTS: TYPES, PREPARATION, ORGANIZATION, PRESENTATION. After you have completed your outline and any needed visual aids (in rough draft), you are ready to write the report, and then—before you transmit it—you’ll revise wherever necessary. The way you present the report often determines whether it will be accepted by the management people involved.
SHORT REPORT: The preceding illustrations and discussions have indicated the wide variety of subject matter, uses, and formats for informational and analytical memorandum and letter reports. One of the distinguishing features of reports is their three parts: introduction, text or body, and terminal section. Yet the headings, placement, and contents of these parts vary widely—depending on purpose, audience, problems, complexity of subject matter, and other significant concerns. In addition, some short reports may have a few prefatory and supplemental parts similar to those in a formal report. Also, in printed and some recurring periodic reports the introduction or terminal section or bother may be unnecessary and therefore omitted.
Basically, however, all short reports have various characteristics in common. When you understand the basic plans think logically and objectively, consider your purpose and your readers, use good judgment with facts, plan and organize carefully for direct or indirect plan, and achieve the qualities of well-written reports.
FORMAL (LONG) REPORTS: The formal business report is “formal” because of its parts—not because it uses formal language. These reports generally cover more complex problems and are long than short reports. In addition to the body (with introduction, text, and terminal sections) they include prefatory and supplemental parts. Each part should serve a useful purpose for the reader; if it doesn’t, it should not appear in the report. Accurate documentation is important. So determine early the desired citation format, as used in this text, or as in the MLA, or other stylistic handbooks. Effective preparation of long reports requires careful, thorough planning, organizing, draft writing, editing, revising, typing and proofreading.
PROPOSALS: A proposal is a report offering to solve a perceived problem in exchange for remuneration to the writer or the writer’s organization. Proposals are significantly important in business, industry, government, and academia.
Basically, proposals—like other reports—should be factual, objective, logical, well written. They should also be persuasive. All proposals should present facts honestly to justify the requested expenditure to be paid by the reader’s organization to the writer’s firm or to an individual for solving a problem or altering a procedure.
Proposals may be short or long and formal, solicited or unsolicited. They may aim to solve business problems or research projects. The writer should consider carefully certain parts that may be desirable for each proposal outline. Among the common parts of a proposal are title page; abstract; table of contents; introduction with purpose, problem and scope; background; procedures; equipment and facilities; personnel; budget; and appendixes.
Both solicited and unsolicited proposals should scrupulously follow all requirements to meet the reader’s need. The federal government, one of the largest solicitors of proposals, demands very specific requirements.
The body of both short and long proposals consists of introduction, discussion, and terminal section. Many proposals also include one or more prefatory and supplemental parts. Writing style and appearance make first impressions that may be critical for acceptance of the proposal. In all, proposals should follow the suggestions for well-written reports and also for persuasive messages, adapted to the readers’ requirements.
ORAL COMMUNICATIONS
SUCCESSFULL ORAL PRESENTATIONS AND SUCCESSFUL LISTENING: When you can communicate effectively orally, you have an important skill to help you advance in business and in the professions. For short talks you may be asked to present periodic, brief progress reports, introduce various persons, present awards, and occasionally welcome visitors or meeting attendees. Longer speeches may be presentations of proposals or highlights of research reports or complex problems—to audiences within or outside your organization.
Careful planning is essential for successful speeches, short or long. Steps for preparing effectively require thoughtful consideration of purpose, audience and situation, ideas, research organization visual aids, and revisions. An important extra step is rehearsals—to build confidence and reduce or eliminate possible stage fright.
The general purposes of speeches business people give are to inform, to persuade, (less often) to entertain, or to crate goodwill. The specific purpose of each speech is best stated in an infinitive phrase that ties in with your speech title and focuses on your precise goal to meet the audience and occasion. Organization and evidence are logical parts of good business speaking. To neglect either is to wander aimlessly and to employ unsupported generalizations.
The extemporaneous method of presentation is preferable to reading from a manuscript and to memorization. The extemporaneous method allows more visual and nonverbal contact with an audience. Variety and enthusiasm greatly influence pitch, rate, volume and quality of voice. Posture, movement, gesture, facial expressions, and appearance convey nonverbal cues that five vitality and sincere meaning to any presentation.
Good listening is demanding, requiring omission of personal biases as well as external distractions. With a positive attitude and active involvement through personal summaries and evaluation, you can have fruitful listening experiences.
SUCCESSFUL INFORMATIVE SPEAKING: The general purpose of informative speaking is to make ideas clear and to secure understanding. The specific purpose relates to affecting a precise result. To accomplish this may require specific explanations and visual aids regarding steps in a process of details in policy matters.
Business speaking is often informative and may be in the form of (1) giving an oral report, often based on your written report, (2) presenting useful information orally in briefings before important decisions are made, (3) instructing or teaching within an organization, or (4) speaking for the organization in a goodwill capacity, frequently to outside groups. Clearly, you are a teacher in all these situations.
Audience analysis must occur early in planning for informative speaking, so that you can adapt your material to the level of your audience. Such preparation demands that you have knowledge about your listeners. How much do they know about your topic? What are their attitudes, the occasion the location, and general factors such as sex, age, and size of the audience?
Informative speaking is organized in the traditional pattern of introduction, body, and summary. You first get the attention of the audience in your introduction through such ways as (1) stating your purpose, (2) telling an anecdote, (3) using a quotation, (4) greeting the group, (5) making a starling statement, or (6) asking thoughtful questions. You may also include brief background material, if desirable, and usually include a forecast of major sections your speech will cover.
The body—the main discussion section—of the talk, including detailed support for your specific purpose, usually is organized by topics, by chronological order, or by cause to effect. Throughout, interest is held through clear transition, vivid examples, and clear organization.
A summary is a common way to end an informative talk. In it you state concisely the main points, perhaps adding why the information was important and where one could go for additional detail.
Preparing a well-organized outline is essential before delivering a successful speech. It may be a detailed sentence outline, useful especially for beginning speakers, or a brief topical outline, for experienced speakers.
To make informative talks clear you should use facts and opinions. Various forms of support for them include (1) examples, (2) illustrations, (3) statistics, (4) quotations, (5) analogies, (6) definitions, and (7) repetition and restatement. Not using supports will leave the talks abstract and unclear.
Our focus has been on the oral; audio-visual aids can also be used to assist clarification.
SUCCESSFUL PERSUASIVE SPEAKING: We daily are approached to buy something or to think in a certain way about a product. Persuasive business speaking also tries to get others to change: to change a policy, to accept a value judgment of a person or process, or to recognize the truth or falsity of information. You try to get listeners willingly to accept your point of view and then act according to your wishes.
Persuasion demands knowing your audience, its knowledge of your topic and its attitudes; the occasion, whether you are persuading members within the company or without; the location, its degree of formality and the environment of the room; and some general characteristics, such as size, sex and age of the audience. Most important is being aware of an audience’s attitudes: are they in favor of your position, neutral, or opposed to your ideas?
Audiences that are neutral or favorable to your proposals are less traumatic to address than those that are hostile toward you; hence, your introduction will vary according to the makeup of that audience. More often than not, your major form of organization for the body will be problem-solution—first providing the existence or nonexistence of a problem, then supplying a solution or a recommendation to remain with the status quo. You may also add benefits, those effects occurring in the future when your solution is adopted and the problem removed. Your conclusion is a short call to action and expression of hope that your recommendations will be accepted.
Your evidence will be founded on facts and opinions, and then used in the traditional forms of support: (1) examples, (2) illustrations, (3) statistics, (4) quotations, (5) analogies, (6) definitions, and (7) repetition and restatement. These can logically support your position if they are reliable, credible as to source, honest, recent and statistically valid gathered in an unbiased manner, supported by others and clearly stated.
SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS MEETINGS: Two basic purposes of business meetings are (1) to present information and (2) to solve problems. Many business meetings are based on written reports or papers submitted in advance. Such information includes background material leading to the solving of a problem; oral discussion follows.
In a meeting the democratic and participative leader is most desired. The authorities’ leader is concerned with self and is dogmatic, while a leaderless group has little guidance and shares leadership functions.
Effective leadership requires careful planning before the meeting—to consider the problem and purpose; participants; meetings date, time, place; wording of the question for the meeting; preparation of agenda announcement; and physical arrangements within the meeting.
During the meeting the leader has responsibilities of beginning with an appropriate opening statement and stimulating discussion for solution discovery, evaluation, and choice of action. The chairperson also encourages minority opinions, tests unsupported generalization, clarifies vague statements, and maintain an atmosphere of goodwill and cooperation.
After the meeting, the leader’s functions include distributing the minutes and seeing that responsible appointments are made and that a date is set to carry out the necessary action.
Desirable responsibilities as a participant include thorough preparation for a meeting followed by effective role participation in that meeting. The participant may be an organizer, clarifier questioner, fractural contributor, energizer, idea creator, critical tester, conciliator, and helper of others. All these roles may be used in a meeting, or you may perhaps use only four or five; regardless, you will be making a positive contribution to the group.
The rational, logical, reflective pattern of solving problems is most effective in business meetings. You begin with background material on a problem, arrive at a tentative list of solutions, evaluation those solutions on the basis of stated criteria, and ultimately decide on a plan of action.
SUCCESSFUL INTERPERSONAL AND OTHER ORAL COMMUNICATIONS: A dyad includes two persons seeking to exchange information. In such a relationship communication is two-way, both speaker and listener offering feedback during the exchange of ideas. Whereas intimate communication is usually reserved for family and friends, business communication is less so and may be categorized on the bias of function or types.
The most common form of dyadic communication is the interview, which has the general purpose to inform, persuade, or solve a problem. These general purposes can be found in such situations as seeing a position, informing about job requirements, solving a company problem, counseling an employee, and evaluating an employee.
The job interviewer’s preparation should include knowing pertinent facts about the company, job requirements, applicants’ resume (if available), an fair employment laws; also preplanning appropriate job-related questions... During the interview—after a brief, friendly warm-up period—the interviewer should courteously ask preferably more open-ended than yes-no questions, and should listen impartially for both verbal and nonverbal messages before evaluating the applicant.
A telephone conversation can often (but not always) take the place of two written messages or a face-to-face interview between two people. Along with face-to-face communication, it is the most common form of communication used in the business world. A variety of new electronic equipment is available.
For Effective telephoning he caller must preplan regarding purpose, listener, best time to phone, opening statement, questions, and supplies to have nearby. During the telephone conversation both caller and called should observe the C principles in the behavior and language while expressing ideas.
Dictation is oral communication to an intermediary who transcribes the spoken words into a written message that is to be sent to an addressee. Careful preparation includes many of the essential planning steps recommended also for interviews and telephoning,. In addition, the dictator must consider the intermediary (secretary). Dictation should preferably be form an outline of key words or phrase. Desirable dictation practices include clear enunciation, spelling of unusual worlds (when appropriate), and adequate instructions to the transcriber—especially in machine dictation. With today’s word processing systems, a secretary can quite easily prepare several drafts before the final version of the transcribe document is completed.
INTERNATIONAL AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: Each country has a culture that results in a generally recognizable behavior. As part of that culture we are comfortable, but often are unable to explain why we act or communicate as we do. Some of our actions are based on tradition, emotion, or simply acceptance that “that’s the way we’ve always done it”: others are based on what we have been taught. Consequently, it takes time to adapt to another culture, a person often going through stages such as anticipation, disillusionment, adaptation, and final acceptance.
Each country has variable on a national level—those that more indirectly affect its population. We learn something about a country’s culture through knowing the educational levels of the population, the legal and regulatory restraints affecting business, the economic philosophies or national and foreign trade practices, the political attitudes, religion and practiced by the state or the individual, the social norms of the state, and the language, as it affects international communication.
Additionally, each person within a country has more personal behaviors. How they handle time, what a comfortable distance for interpersonal commination is, what foods are wholly acceptable, what is considered appropriate dress, what the unwritten personal manners with a home or office are, what procedures and speed are followed in arriving at personal and business decisions. Finally, cultures have both verbal and nonverbal communication characteristics; what is acceptable in one culture may be entirely unacceptable in another.
Your effectiveness in communicating well and succeeding overseas requires adapting to many factors. Knowing even the politics for of a foreign language is helpful, as knows some differences in writing and speaking. Do some research into various organizations and journals interested in international business and communication. Last, ask questions, in both personal and business areas. Then you are on the way to successful intercultural communication.
APPEARANCE OF MESSAGES: Letters and memos are the most used written business message media. In addition, for special situations, memo-letters, postcards, Mailgrams, telexes, and facsimiles, plus other telegraphic and wireless media and forms, are also effective.
Attractive appearance of a business letter is an important aid to the reader’s favorable first impression. Stationery, parts, layout (format), and envelope addressing should follow certain guidelines. For memorandums (sent within the organization) the stationery, parts, layout, and envelopes are different from those of letters. Memo-letters have a format more similar to a memo than to a letter. Postcards have certain timesaving features. Though the formats of Mailgrams, telegrams, and cablegrams are similar, these messages differed in methods of transmittal, word count and cost. The facsimile machine electronically transmits the identical images from the sender’s machine to the receiver’s. All these media convey the impression that your message is important and urgent. To get the most economical rates, study the telegraph company’s rules governing these services.
The four kinds of rom message—complete forms, fill-in forms, guided forms, and paragraph forms—offer advantages in time, cost, and quantity mailings. They must, however, be used with good judgment to avoid possible disadvantage.
This appendix is your guide for formats of business letters, memos, postcards, telegraphic medic, and form letters and memos. In chapter 8 to 17 which on content, most illustrations include only the message body—to save space. Therefore when typing your complete messages, you may what to refer regularly to this appendix for correct layouts.
